CHAPTER 9 |
SHIP CONTROL |
- Tactical Data
- Rudder angles are designated as follows:
- Except in an emergency rudder angles greater than twenty-five degrees shall not be used while backing at full speed.
- A table showing the tactical diameter, advance and transfer of the ship at various rudder angles and speeds, both in going ahead and in going astern, and distance moved in bringing the ship to dead-in-the-water shall be kept on the navigating bridge for the use of the Officer-of-the-Deck.
- Rudder angles are designated as follows:
- Gyro Compasses
- There are two master gyro compasses, one in the central station and the other in the after gyro compass room. Underway both compasses shall be kept running. Normally, both will be shut down at anchor.
- Numerical Designations of Engineering Units
- The ship's engines and shafts are designated by numbers as follows:
- The boilers are numbered as follows:
Port Amidship Starboard Forward 2 1 3 Center 6 4 5 After 8 7 9 The amidship fire rooms, containing boilers 1, 4, and 7, are the control firerooms.
- The ship's engines and shafts are designated by numbers as follows:
- Speed Control
- The speed RPM curve of the ENTERPRISE for normal displacement is as follows:
RPM RPM KNOTS Standard 1/3 2/3 KNOTS Standard 1/3 2/3 6 54 18 36 21 189 63 124 7 63 21 42 22 199 66 130 8 72 24 48 23 208 69 136 9 80 27 54 24 218 72 142 10 89 30 60 25 227 75 148 11 98 33 65 26 237 78 155 12 107 36 72 27 247 80 160 13 116 39 78 28 257 83 166 14 124 42 83 29 267 86 173 15 133 45 89 30 276 89 180 16 142 48 95 31 286 92 185 17 151 51 100 32 296 95 192 18 160 54 107 33 309 98 200 19 170 57 113 20 180 60 118 Unless otherwise ordered:-
- Standard speed shall be established or changed only on verbal orders from the ship control station. As an executive signal for adopting a new standard speed, the engine order telegraph shall be rung. The correct phraseology when a change of standard speed is made will be, "The next time we ring the Engine Order Telegraph, standard speed will be ( ) knots.".
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- The Engine Order Telegraph shall be considered the primary, and the Revolution Telegraph the secondary, of the two order systems.
- Any movement of the engine telegraph automatically cancels the revolutions indicated on the engine revolution telegraphs. Any particular number of revolutions then desired must be reset on the revolution telegraph and shall be followed by the engine room.
- If a casualty to the engine order telegraph renders that system inoperative,
the revolution telegraph may be used to replace it. In such a situation the use of
the following signals are prescribed:-
Revolution Indicator Meaning Revolution Indicator Meaning 000 Stop 906 Back one-third 001 Ahead one-third 907 Back two-thirds 002 Ahead two-thirds 908 Back full 003 Ahead standard 909 Back emergency 004 Ahead full 005 Ahead flank - It is desirable to emphasize that the engine order telegraph is the primary system and that the revolution telegraph is merely a convenience to the conning station. As a matter of custom, the conning station should, after manipulation of the engine order telegraph, reset the revolution telegraph to the number of revolutions required. The resetting of the revolution telegraph after a change of engine order is not made an absolute requirement because to do so might interfere, while maneuvering in restricted waters, with expeditious transmission of orders to main engine control.
- The speed RPM curve of the ENTERPRISE for normal displacement is as follows:
- Changes in Speed
- The Officer-of-the-Deck should inform the engine room of prospective changes in speed and should give the engine room at least three (3) hours notice prior to anchoring, in order to light-off and cut in additional boilers if required.
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- Maneuvering: - While maneuvering when getting underway with engines stopped, the
Standard speed, unless otherwise ordered, will be 15 knots. Until the required RPM's
are reached, the following steam pressures will be carried using No. 1 by-pass and
nozzle No.8.
- If RPM's corresponding to standard speed are reached they will thereafter be maintained.
- Maneuvering: - While maneuvering when getting underway with engines stopped, the
Standard speed, unless otherwise ordered, will be 15 knots. Until the required RPM's
are reached, the following steam pressures will be carried using No. 1 by-pass and
nozzle No.8.
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- Backing:- Pressure in the astern steam chest rather than actual RPM's will govern
when backing the main engines. When a backing bell is received, throttlemen shall open
the astern throttle and admit a shot of steam into the astern chest to start rotors
revolving. Then throttle down and maintain the following pressures :-
- When the RPM's corresponding to Standard speed are reached they will thereafter be maintained.
- Backing:- Pressure in the astern steam chest rather than actual RPM's will govern
when backing the main engines. When a backing bell is received, throttlemen shall open
the astern throttle and admit a shot of steam into the astern chest to start rotors
revolving. Then throttle down and maintain the following pressures :-
- Emergency:- Ringing the engine order telegraph three (3) or more times in rapid succession indicates an Emergency. The engines will answer the signal, as shown on the engine order telegraph as quickly as possible, being careful not to lower the steam pressure below 350 pounds.
- Acceleration of the Ship
- The following are the maximum accelerations permitted when two or more aircraft
carriers are in formation (See BuEng letter CV/S41 (9-Yd) of 11 December, 1935) :-
Speed Acceleration 0 - 12 knots 4 knots per minute 12 - 15 knots 1 knot per minute 15 - 18 knots 3/4 knot per minute 18 - 24 knots 1/2 knot per minute 24 - 28 knots 1/4 knot per minute 28 - 30 knots 1/9 knot per minute - The following maximum accelerations are prescribed for the U. S. S. ENTERPRISE
when acting singly. These shall not be exceeded except in an emergency.
0 - 12 knots 3 knots per minute 12 - 15 knots 1 knot per minute 15 - 22 knots 1/2 knot per minute Over 22 knots Work up slowly not to exceed 1/5 knot per minute.
- The following are the maximum accelerations permitted when two or more aircraft
carriers are in formation (See BuEng letter CV/S41 (9-Yd) of 11 December, 1935) :-
- Engine Casualties
- In case of a casualty in the Engineering Department necessitating the stopping of one engine, the engine room shall notify the bridge over the Maneuvering Circuit (1-JV or X-1JV) and increase speed of the remaining engines 10% in order that the resultant speed of the ship will be maintained. The Officer-of-the-Deck will then, if required, change the revolutions to maintain position.
- Orders to Engines
- The Order is in three parts. The first part defines which engine, "starboard",
"port", or "all engines". The second part defines the direction,
"ahead" or "back". The third part defines the amount. The term
"both" shall not be used because of the similarity in sound to "port".
The term "astern" shall not be used in referring to the engines.
Examples:
- An order repeated three or more times in rapid succession on the engine room telegraph means "Emergency."
- As soon as the engine room has correctly answered the telegraph as indicated by the telegraph and the shaft revolution indicator, the telegraph man shall so report.
- The Order is in three parts. The first part defines which engine, "starboard",
"port", or "all engines". The second part defines the direction,
"ahead" or "back". The third part defines the amount. The term
"both" shall not be used because of the similarity in sound to "port".
The term "astern" shall not be used in referring to the engines.
- Steering Casualty Bill
- General
- A casualty to the steering system which in any way involves loss of control of the rudder must obviously be handled with the greatest possible promptness, and particularly so in confined waters or in the company of other vessels when the immediate safety of the ship may be at stake. The essential nature of adequate preparation to meet, this casualty is shown in recent instructions of the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet, which require, as a training drill, that during each watch underway steering control shall be shifted to one of the emergency stations except when the Commanding Officer considers such procedure to be inadvisable.
- There are five stations from which the ship can be steered, as follows:
Station Name Location Pilot House Bridge Pilot House Conning Tower Conning Tower Conning Tower Secondary Ship Control Battle Two After end Navigation Bridge Central Station Central A-535-C Steering Engine Room Trick Wheel D-524-E - Communications can be had with all steering control stations over:
- Battle phone circuits (1-JV).
- Sound power phones (X-1JV)
- Ship's Service phones.
- In addition, orders to the trick wheel can be given over the general announcing system and the steering telegraph.
- A steering emergency alarm, which consists of a siren in central station and in steering engine room, can be operated from the pilot house, conning tower, secondary ship control, and central station. Steering engine room takes control immediately when this alarm is sounded.
- Loss of Steering Control
Supercedes Articles 909, 910, and 911 G.O.B.
Subject: Ship Control Casualties.
- Loss of steering Control. Steering control must be regained immediately.
The procedure shall be as follows:
- Steersman:
- Actuate steering emergency alarm. (This alarm is a siren and the lever should be held down at least 10 seconds to insure sounding.)
- Sing out to 0.0.D., "Lost Steering control"
- Start indicating desired rudder angle with steering telegraph.
- Turn wheel until mechanical pointer is amidships preparatory to taking control again when the casualty is corrected.
- Steering Engine Room Watch.
- When siren sounds take control at once, regardless of rudder angle and without further orders.
- Apply rudder as indicated by the steering telegraph. Later, if so ordered by O.O.D., steer course specified.
- Start up standby unit and shift to that unit if necessary. If unnecessary to shift, stop the standby unit.
- When casualty is corrected, and when directed by O.O.D., place rudder amidships and relinquish control.
- Officer-of-the-Deck.
- Conn through steering telegraph.
- At discretion, order Steering Engine Room to steer specified course.
- Steersman:
- Failure of Engine Order Telegraph or Engine Revolution on Telegraph.
- In case of casualty to either of these circuits, orders to the Forward Engine Room shall be given over the Maneuvering Circuit (1-JV or X-IJV or the SS Phone, informing the Forward Engine Room to disregard the telegraph
- Controlling Station Obliterated -
Bomb or shell hit on bridge: no personnel remaining to handle casualty. Ship Control must be transferred quickly to another station under the direction of the Executive Officer.
- Executive Officer (in Battle Two).
- Sound steering emergency alarm.
- Order Steering Engine Room to steer a specified course. (Use 1-JV, X-1JV or SS phones).
- Direct Central Station to "Shift ship control to Battle Two". (Use 1-JV, X-1JV or SS Phones.)
- Order Steering Engine Room to relinquish steering control.
- After Battle Two has Ship Control (engine controls, steering control, and rudder angle indicator control), the Executive Officer may take station in or near the conning tower and shift ship control to the conning tower, as desired.
- Steersman, Battle Two:
- Turn wheel until mechanical pointer is amidships preparatory to taking steering control.
- Steering Engine Room Watch:
- When Siren sounds, take control at once and steer course directed by Executive Officer.
- When directed by Executive Officer, place rudder amidships and relinquish steering control.
- Central Station Watch:
- When ordered by Executive Officer, shift ship control to Battle Two.
- Executive Officer (in Battle Two).
- Loss of steering Control. Steering control must be regained immediately.
The procedure shall be as follows:
- General